Legal System Structure (法律体系结构)
Law
法律
Rules made by authorities to regulate behavior
由权威机构制定的规范行为的规则
Common law
普通法
Law derived from judicial decisions (case law)
源自司法判决的法律(判例法)
Statute law
成文法
Law made by parliament (legislation)
由议会制定的法律(立法)
Enacted law
成文法
Law that has been formally written and passed
已正式书面通过的法律
Unenacted law
不成文法
Law not passed by parliament (like common law)
未由议会通过的法律(如普通法)
Case law
判例法
Law based on previous court decisions
基于以往法院判决的法律
Precedent
先例
Previous court decision used as example for similar cases
作为类似案例参考的先前法院判决
Equity law
衡平法
System developed to provide remedies when common law was inadequate
当普通法不足时提供救济的法律体系
Civil law
民法, 成文法
Law dealing with disputes between individuals/organizations
处理个人/组织之间纠纷的法律
Criminal law
刑法
Law dealing with crimes against the state/public
处理针对国家/公众犯罪的法律
Court System (法院系统)
Court
法庭
Place where legal matters are decided
决定法律事务的地方
High Court of Australia
澳大利亚高等法院
Highest court in Australia
澳大利亚最高法院
Federal Court
联邦法院
Court dealing with federal matters
处理联邦事务的法院
Supreme Court
最高法院
Highest court in a state
州内最高法院
District Court
区域法院
Mid-level court
中级法院
Magistrate
地方法院
Lower court for less serious matters
处理不太严重事务的低级法院
Jurisdiction
司法权
Power to make legal decisions in a specific area
在特定区域作出法律决定的权力
Appeal
申诉
Request to higher court to review decision
请求高级法院复审决定
Legal Parties and Roles (法律当事人和角色)
Plaintiff
原告(民事)
Person who brings civil case to court
向法院提出民事案件的人
Defendant
被告(民事/刑事)
Person defending against case
对抗案件的人
Accused
被告(刑事)
Person charged with crime
被指控犯罪的人
Respondent
答辩人(上诉)
Person responding to appeal
对上诉作出回应的人
Appellant
上诉人(上诉)
Person making appeal
提出上诉的人
Prosecutor
检察官(刑事)
Person bringing criminal case
提出刑事案件的人
Judge
法官
Person who decides cases in court
在法庭上裁决案件的人
Crown
国王(刑事中代表公权力)
The state in criminal cases
刑事案件中的国家代表
Legal Principles (法律原则)
Principle
法律原则
Fundamental rule or belief
基本规则或信念
Fairness
公平性
Just and equal treatment
公正和平等对待
Doctrine of precedent
先例原则
Rule that similar cases should be decided alike
类似案件应当被同样裁决的规则
Ratio decidendi
判决理由
The binding part of a court decision
法院判决中具约束力的部分
Obiter dicta
附带意见
Non-binding remarks in court decision
法院判决中不具约束力的附带评论
Binding
有约束力的
Must be followed legally
必须在法律上遵循
Persuasive
有说服力的
Can be considered but not required to follow
可以考虑但不必须遵循
Government and Law-making (政府与立法)
Parliament
议会
Law-making body
立法机构
Constitution
宪法
Fundamental law of a country
国家的基本法律
Commonwealth
联邦
Federal government of Australia
澳大利亚联邦政府
Legislature
立法机关
Branch that makes laws
制定法律的部门
Law-making
法律制定,立法
Process of creating laws
创建法律的过程
Law-enforcing
法律实施,行政
Process of implementing laws
实施法律的过程
Law-interpreting
法律解释,司法
Process of explaining what laws mean
解释法律含义的过程
Amend
修改
Change a law
改变法律
Execute
执行
Carry out a law
执行法律
Federation and Powers (联邦与权力)
Separation of power
分权
Division of government into branches
政府分为不同部门
Section 109
第109条
Constitution section about inconsistent laws
关于法律不一致的宪法条款
Prevail
优先的
Take precedence over
优先于
Invalid
无效的
Not legally binding
没有法律约束力
Commonwealth law
联邦法
Law made by federal parliament
由联邦议会制定的法律
State law
州法律
Law made by state parliament
由州议会制定的法律
Concurrent power
共同权力
Powers shared by federal and state governments
联邦和州政府共享的权力
Residual power
剩余权力
Powers held only by states
仅由州持有的权力
Exclusive power
联邦专属权力
Powers held only by federal government
仅由联邦政府持有的权力
Legal Actions and Concepts (法律行为和概念)
Rights
权利
Legal entitlements
法律赋予的权益
Obligation
义务
Legal requirements to do something
做某事的法律要求
Duty
责任
Legal requirement to act in a certain way
以某种方式行事的法律要求
Enforcement
执行
Making sure laws are followed
确保法律被遵守
Remedy
救济,补救
Solution or compensation for legal wrong
法律错误的解决方案或赔偿
Dispute
异议,争论
Disagreement that may require legal resolution
可能需要法律解决的分歧
Negligence
过失
Failure to take proper care
未能适当小心
Breach
违反
Violation of a legal requirement
违反法律要求
Tort
侵权行为
Civil wrong causing harm
造成伤害的民事错误
Fraud
欺诈
Intentional deception for gain
为获利的故意欺骗